The Cosmological Standard Model of the Universe and the Holy Quran

 Correlation between Allah's and Human clocks:

 

It is found that Allah's and Human clocks are in perfect correlation with each other. The argument is that the ratio of the days of the creation of the Heavens to the days of the creation of the Earth in Allah's clock as mentioned in the noble verses of the Holy Quran [1] is found to be identical to the ratio of the dynamic age of the universe to the radiometric age of the Earth in Human clock [2], that is:

 

R = 6 days / 2 days = 3

 

and

 

R = 13.77 milliard years / 4.55 milliard years = 3.04 

 

It means the age of the Heavens is 6 days while the age of the Earth is 2 days in Allah's clock. It also means that the Earth was created for the first time when the age of the Heavens was 2/3 of its age today in both Allah's and Human clocks.

 

[1] Surat al-Araaf, chapter 7, verse 54; surat Fussilat, chapter 41, verse 9

[2] Wikipedia

Expansion of the universe:

It is found that the universe's expansion has already ended when the universe's age was 2/3 of its age today in both Allah's and Human clocks. The argument is that the ratio of the age of the arrangement of the Heavens in 7 stratified Heavens, say when the age of the Heavens was 2/3 of its age today, to the age of the Heavens today in Allah's clock [3] is found to be identical to the ratio of the age of the universe obtained with the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker model for an expanding universe to the age of the universe obtained with the type-Ia supernovae in a Hubble diagram plot [4], that is:

 

R = (6 days - 2 days) / (6 days) = 2/3

 

and

 

T(FRW) / T(H) = 2/3

 

It means that T(FRW) is the duration of the universe's expansion while T(H) is the universe's age.

[3] Surat Dhariyat, chapter 51, verse 47; surat Fussilat, chapter 41, verse 12

[4] Wikipedia

The flatness of the universe:

It is found that the universe is flat in both Allah's and Human reference frames. The argument is that the noble verses of the Holy Quran state that the heavens are arranged in 7 layered Heavens whose orbits lie one above another on the same plan [5]. Such a flatness of the 7 Heavens is consistent with the paradigm of the flat universe used by cosmologists in building the standard model of the universe [6].

 

[5] Surat Al-Naziat, chapter 79, verse 27; surat Al-Naba, chapter 78, verse 12; surat al- Mominon, chapter 23, verse 17 

[6] Wikipedia

 

The concise between the current cosmological standard model and the Holy Quran is because the Holy Quran is Allah's word and the Noble prophet Mohammed (PBUH) is His last messenger to Humankind.

 

But, only Allah Knows best.

 

P.S. For more details on the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker model for an expanding universe, please have a look at the attached link of Wikipedia:

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric

 

Appendix 1: Evidence for a correlation between the speed of light and Newtonian velocity at the horizon radius (r = Gm/c^(2)) of the observable universe

It turns out that the speed of light is correlated to the Hubble velocity v(H) and to the Newtonian velocity v(N) at the horizon radius (r = Gm / c^(2)) of the observable universe that is:

c = v(H) [(1 + (1 + 1) + 10^(1/2)) / (1 + (1 + 1) - 5^(1/2))] = v(N) [(1 + (1 + 1) + 10^(1/2)) / (1 + (1 + 1) - 5^(1/2))]^(n = 2)

Where v(H) ~ 37200 kms^(-1) is the Hubble velocity at the horizon radius (r = Gm/c^2) of the observable universe and n = 2 is the number of degrees of freedom of light.

This provides strong evidence that cosmic light carried the gravitational energy and momentum from the source region of cosmic light. So, the speed of light could be expressed in terms of the Newtonian velocity times a dynamical coefficient that accounts for the structure of the gravitational field of cosmic light's source region using the above equation.

Appendix 2: Evidence for rotating and against expanding observable universe

Starting with the assumption that the Hubble velocity has an expression of Newtonian velocity, this allows one to derive at the same time the empirical Hubble law and Kepler’s third law using a simple algebra as follows:

 

 v(Hubble) = (Gm / r)^(1/2) = r/r (Gm / r)^(1/2) = r (Gm / r^3)^(1/2) = rH

 

H^2 = Gm / r^3

 

The concise connection between Hubble's law and Kepler's third law provides strong evidence for the rotation of the observable universe and rejects the paradigm of an expanding universe as mostly believed. Indeed, the expansion of the universe has already ended when the age of the universe was 2/3 of its age today as expected by us. So, the Hubble law could be interpreted as a representation of the rotation curve of the observable universe in a Hubble diagram while Kepler’s third law is the rotation rate of the observable universe around its spin axis. In this context, the observed cosmic redshift phenomena affecting the cosmic light coming from distant galaxies could be interpreted as gravitational redshift rather than a Doppler effect which supports a geocentric model of the observable universe rather than an expanding observable universe.

 

Appendix 3: Evidence for the rotation of a big universe to which adheres our observable universe

Starting with the assumption that the speed of light has an expression of Newtonian velocity and the Pioneer-type acceleration has an expression of Newtonian acceleration respectively, this allows one to derive at the same time the empirical Hubble law, the cosmic connection between the Pioneer-type acceleration and the speed of light with the Hubble parameter, and then Kepler’s third law using a simple algebra as follows:

 

 c = (Gm / r)^(1/2) = r/r (Gm / r)^(1/2) = r (Gm / r^3)^(1/2) = rH

 

a(Pioneer) = (Gm / r^(2)) = r/r (Gm / r^(2)) = r (Gm / r^(3)) = rH^(2) = cH

 

H^(2) = Gm / r^(3)

 

The concise connection between Pioneer-type acceleration, speed of light, and Kepler's third law provides strong evidence for the rotation of a big universe to which the observable universe adheres mostly at the horizon radius (r = Gm/c^(2)). 

 

Appendix 4: Determination of the number of universes from the comparison between the horizon real radiuses in a big flat universe and the observable universe

We assume the existence of N identical spherical universes orbiting on the same plane a center of mass in a big flat universe. So, we obtain a linear trend for which the N universes come in juxtaposition using a simple projection of the N universes in one radial direction of the big universe. And hence, we obtain a relation between the horizon real radius of the big universe, the horizon real radius of the observable universe, and the number of universes in a big flat universe which is given by:

R(phi) = 2 x (N-1) x r(phi) 

We derive from this equation the number of universes expressed in terms of the horizon real radiuses of the big universe and the observable and which is given by:

N = [R(phi) / (2 x r(phi))] + 1

We know from the cosmic light acceleration aboard the Pioneer spacecraft and the empirical Hubble law in a Hubble diagram plot that the horizon real radiuses of the big universe and the observable universe are respectively given by:

R(phi) = R x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-4) = 1.125 x 10^(26) x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-4) m

r(phi) = r(Hubble) x  (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-2) = 0.156 x 10^(26) x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-2) m

From these results we calculated the number of universes to be 7 universes in a big flat universe as follows:

N = [(R x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-4)) / (2 x r(Hubble) x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-2))] + 1

N = [(R x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-2)) / (2 x r(Hubble))] + 1

N = [(1.125 x 10^(26) x (9^(1/2) - 5^(1/2))^(-2) m) / (2 x 0.159 x 10^(26) m)] + 1

N =7.02

Appendix 5: Determination of the number of universes from the comparison between the ordinary matter masses inside the horizon real radiuses in a big flat universe and the observable universe

From the above-mentioned projection on  identical spherical universes in the radial direction of a big flat universe which determines a linear trend in which the  universes come in juxtaposition, we obtained the relation between the ordinary matter mass inside the horizon real radiuses of the big universe and the observable universe and the number of universes which is given by:

M(phi) = (N - 1) x r(phi)

From this relation, we derived the expression of the number of universes in a big flat universe which is given by:

N = [M(phi) + m(phi)] / m(phi)

We know from the cosmic light acceleration aboard the Pioneer spacecraft and the empirical Hubble law in a Hubble diagram plot that the ordinary matter masses and their relation with the Hubble masses inside the horizon real radiuses in a big flat universe and the observable universe are respectively given by:

M (phi) = M x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-4) = 1.517 x 10^(53) x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-4) kg

m(phi) = m(Hubble) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2) = 0.0033 x 10^(53) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2) kg

From these results we determined the number of universes to be 7 universes in a big flat universe as follows:

N = [(M x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-4)) + (m(Hubble) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2))] / (m(Hubble) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2))

N = [(M x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2)) + m(Hubble)] / m(Hubble)

N = [(1.517 x 10^(53) x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2) kg) + (0.0033 x 10^(53) kg)] / (0.0033 x 10^(53) kg)

N = [(1.517 x 2^(-1) x (9^(1/2) + 10^(1/2))^(-2)) + 0.0033] / (0.0033) 

N = 7.05

This value is quite equal to that obtained from comparing the horizon real radiuses in a big flat universe and the observable universe.

References

1) Holy Quran

2) Wikipedia

3) The emergence of a new Newtonian gravity model with implications in cosmology and theoretical physics (The paper is under preparation)